Stephen Hawking, in full Stephen William Hawking, (born January 8, 1942, Oxford, Oxfordshire, Englanddied March 14, 2018, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire), English theoretical physicist whose theory of exploding black holes drew upon both relativity theory and quantum mechanics. [113] The incident successfully removed any military threat from the bishops, but it may have damaged Stephen's relationship with the senior clergy, and in particular with his brother Henry. William was probably intellectually disabled, and Adela instead had the counties pass to her second son, later also Count Theobald II of Champagne. [46], Theobald met with the Norman barons and Robert of Gloucester at Lisieux on 21 December. [133] Stephen returned to London but received news that Ranulf, his brother and their family were relaxing in Lincoln Castle with a minimal guard force, a ripe target for a surprise attack of his own. [119], Stephen then agreed to a truce proposed by his brother, Henry; the full details of the truce are not known, but the results were that Stephen first released Matilda from the siege and then allowed her and her household of knights to be escorted to the south-west, where they were reunited with Robert of Gloucester. Following the battle of Tinchebray in 1106, Henry confiscated the County of Mortain from his cousin William, and the Honour of Eye, a large lordship previously owned by Robert Malet. David Crouch argues that in fact it was the royalist weakness in infantry that caused their failure at Lincoln, proposing the city militia was not as capable as Robert's Welsh infantry. Neither mission was particularly successful, and by the end of 1137 the King appears to have abandoned attempts to put down the rebellion. [154], The King's eventual release resulted from the Angevin defeat at the rout of Winchester. The Feudal Kingdom of England, 10421216. [134] The King commanded the centre of his army, with Alan of Brittany on his right and William of Aumale on his left. (1994) "1066 and the Introduction of Chivalry into England," in, Green, J. [171] Meanwhile, Geoffrey of Anjou finished securing his hold on southern Normandy and in January 1144 he advanced into Rouen, the capital of the duchy, concluding his campaign. [168] Geoffrey gave in, but once free he headed north-east into the Fens to the Isle of Ely, from where he began a military campaign against Cambridge, with the intention of progressing south towards London. This threat was backed up by the arrest of the bishops, with the exception of Nigel who had taken refuge in Devizes Castle; the bishop only surrendered after Stephen besieged the castle and threatened to execute Roger le Poer. [156] Further negotiations attempted to deliver a general peace agreement but the Queen was unwilling to offer any compromise to the Empress, and Robert refused to accept any offer to encourage him to change sides to Stephen. [139][nb 19], Robert took Stephen back to Gloucester, where the King met with the Empress Matilda, and was then moved to Bristol Castle, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners. [53] Northern England was a disputed territory at this time, with the Scottish kings laying a traditional claim to Cumberland, and David also claiming Northumbria by virtue of his marriage to the daughter of Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria. [175] Geoffrey de Mandeville's rebellion continued until September 1144, when he died during an attack on Burwell. Frank Barlow, for example, describes it as a straightforward. [87], Stephen's first few years as king can be interpreted in different ways. [78] Henry wanted to succeed to the post, but Stephen instead supported Theobald of Bec, who was eventually appointed. [156], At the beginning of 1142 Stephen fell ill, and by Easter rumours had begun to circulate that he had died. Their discussions were interrupted by the sudden news from England that Stephen's coronation was to occur the next day. Stephen King is returning to the character of Holly Gibney in a new novel titled Holly. Posted: March 2nd, 2022 7:29:15 pm EST. Common until the late 18th century. [196] In 1148, Stephen built the Cluniac Faversham Abbey as a resting place for his family. He portrayed Chase Adams on The CW drama series One Tree Hill [2] [3] [4] and appeared for two seasons on the MTV reality television series Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County. Jim Bradbury provides an accessible summary of the argument as to the extent of "the Anarchy". Stephen was one of the seven men chosen to be responsible over the distribution of food to widows in the early church after a dispute arose and the apostles recognized they needed help. War and Society in Medieval and Early Modern Britain. [229] Stephen probably had three illegitimate sons, Gervase, Abbot of Westminster, Ralph and Americ, by his mistress Damette; Gervase became abbot in 1138, but after his father's death he was removed by Henry in 1157 and died shortly afterwards. [142] Stephen's brother Henry summoned a council at Winchester before Easter in his capacity as papal legate to consider the clergy's view. [28] Geoffrey was unpopular with the Anglo-Norman elite: as an Angevin ruler, he was a traditional enemy of the Normans. WebStephen Announces New Book on Podcast. [243] Modern historians vary in their assessments of Stephen as a king. [248] Peters' depiction of Stephen's reign is an essentially local narrative, focused on the town of Shrewsbury and its environs. [135] Robert and Ranulf's forces had superiority in cavalry and Stephen dismounted many of his own knights to form a solid infantry block; he joined them himself, fighting on foot in the battle. Robert of Gloucester had garrisoned the ports of Dover and Canterbury and some accounts suggest that they refused Stephen access when he first arrived. Stephen William Hawking CH CBE FRS FRSA (8 January 1942 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who, at the time of his death, was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge. (1992) "Financing Stephen's War,", Helmerichs, Robert. Stephen was forced to place the castle under siege. From stephanos. In English, Stephen is most commonly pronounced as STEEV-n. [141] The Empress now began to take the necessary steps to have herself crowned queen in his place, which would require the agreement of the church and her coronation at Westminster. Stephen and Matilda: the Civil War of 113953. WebThe name Stephen is boy's name of Greek origin meaning "garland, crown". Watch Now. First, Robert, Earl of Gloucester, rebelled against the King, starting the descent into civil war in England. Theobald was appointed a papal legate in 1151, adding to his authority. 1038), Blood on Their Hands, and Sex on Their Minds. Stephen was the third son of Stephen, Count of Blois and Chartres, and Adela, daughter of King William I the [162], The war between the two sides in England reached a stalemate in the mid-1140s, while Geoffrey of Anjou consolidated his hold on power in Normandy. [4], His younger brother, Henry of Blois, was probably born four years after him. [97], Stephen's personal qualities as a military leader focused on his skill in personal combat, his capabilities in siege warfare and a remarkable ability to move military forces quickly over relatively long distances. Historian Keith Stringer argues that Theobald was also probably thinking about an eventual peace treaty in England involving Henry FitzEmpress, and that he may have seen the coronation of Eustace only as a guarantee of further civil war after Stephen's death. The north of England was now controlled by David and Prince Henry, Stephen had abandoned Wales, the fighting in Normandy had considerably destabilised the duchy, and an increasing number of barons felt that Stephen had given them neither the lands nor the titles they felt they deserved or were owed. He gained the throne by usurpation but failed to consolidate his power during the ensuing civil strife. Stephen is kind hearted and family oriented. 5455. His wife Matilda was sent to Kent with ships and resources from Boulogne, with the task of retaking the key port of Dover, under Robert's control. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, he was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. [169] With all of his other problems and with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, in open revolt in Norfolk, Stephen lacked the resources to track Geoffrey down in the Fens and made do with building a screen of castles between Ely and London, including Burwell Castle. [209] In the face of the increasingly wintry weather, Stephen agreed to a temporary truce and returned to London, leaving Henry to travel north through the Midlands where the powerful Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester, announced his support for the Angevin cause. [91] A small number of Stephen's household knights were sent north to help the fight against the Scots, where David's forces were defeated later that year at the battle of the Standard in August by the forces of Thurstan, the Archbishop of York. Henry had increased the authority and capabilities of the central royal administration, often bringing in "new men" to fulfil key positions rather than using the established nobility. The story of Saint Stephen's ordination as a deacon is found in the sixth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles, which also recounts the plot against Stephen and the beginning of the trial that resulted in his martyrdom; the seventh chapter Ken Follett: The Transformation of a Writer. [110][nb 14], Stephen's brother, Henry of Blois, was alarmed by this, both as a matter of principle, since Stephen had previously agreed in 1135 to respect the freedoms of the church, and more pragmatically because he himself had recently built six castles and had no desire to be treated in the same way. With some distressing scenes Turn on Parental controls. He's a devoted Christian and is very passionate about his beliefs while keeping an open mind. [161] Once on the other side, the King and his men stormed into the town, trapping the Empress in the castle. WebStephen Colletti (born February 7, 1986) is an American actor and television personality. [14], Henry became a powerful patron of Stephen, and probably chose to support him because Stephen was part of his extended family and a regional ally, yet not sufficiently wealthy or powerful in his own right to represent a threat to either the King or his heir, William Adelin. The royal control over the minting of coins broke down, leading to coins being struck by local barons and bishops across the country. Stephen Stephen is an innocent and honest person, yet full of unexpected surprises. [163] 1143 started precariously for Stephen when he was besieged by Robert of Gloucester at Wilton Castle, an assembly point for royal forces in Herefordshire. The character was portrayed by Justine Lupe in the Audience show Mr. Mercedes and by Cynthia Erivo in the HBO series The Outsider. Gibney previously appeared in the Bill Hodges trilogy (Mr. Mercedes, Finders Keepers, End of Watch),The Outsider, and If It Bleeds. [70] The Easter court was a lavish event, and a large amount of money was spent on the event itself, clothes and gifts. When Henry died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry, Bishop of Winchester and Abbot of Glastonbury, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda. [233] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was past its prime by the time of Stephen but is remembered for its striking account of conditions during "the Anarchy". The nature of Henry's administration and the links between England and Normandy have been hotly debated by historians. [202] When Theobald, the Archbishop of Canterbury, went to consult with the Pope on the matter against Stephen's wishes, the King refused to allow him back into England either, and seized his estates. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. [103] Only a handful of earldoms had existed under Henry I and these had been largely symbolic in nature. [174] Miles of Gloucester, one of the most talented Angevin commanders, had died whilst hunting over the previous Christmas, relieving some of the pressure in the west. Though not as well-used or fashionable as it was in its heyday -- it was a Top 25 name from 1946 to 1957 -- it's still a widely used name. Historian David Crouch suggests that Stephen effectively "bowed out of Wales" around this time to concentrate on his other problems. [231] All of the main chronicler accounts carry significant regional biases in how they portray the disparate events. [116] The following month, however, the Empress was invited by the Dowager Queen Adeliza to land at Arundel instead, and on 30 September Robert of Gloucester and the Empress arrived in England with 140 knights. Opinions vary over the degree to which Stephen's acquisition of power resembled a coup. God's War: a New History of the Crusades. In June 1139, Stephen held his court in Oxford, where a fight between Alan of Brittany and Roger's men broke out, an incident probably deliberately created by Stephen. He had made a private deal with the Empress Matilda that he would deliver the support of the church, if she agreed to give him control over church business in England. (1994) "The Castles of the Anarchy," in King, Edmund. [135][nb 18] Stephen was not a gifted public speaker, and delegated the pre-battle speech to Baldwin of Clare, who delivered a rousing declaration. [235] Those writing for the church after the events of Stephen's later reign, such as John of Salisbury for example, paint the King as a tyrant due to his argument with the Archbishop of Canterbury; by contrast, clerics in Durham regarded Stephen as a saviour, due to his contribution to the defeat of the Scots at the battle of the Standard. [75] Owain Gwynedd and Gruffydd ap Rhys successfully captured considerable territories, including Carmarthen Castle. Placed into the court of his uncle Henry I of England, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. WebDRAMA & SOAPS. It is particularly significant to Christians, as it belonged to Saint Stephen, an early disciple and deacon who, according to the Book of Acts, was stoned to death; he is widely regarded as the first martyr of the Christian Church. [171] In the west, Robert of Gloucester and his followers continued to raid the surrounding royalist territories, and Wallingford Castle remained a secure Angevin stronghold, too close to London for comfort. [15] Stephen probably first visited England in either 1113 or 1115, almost certainly as part of Henry's court. [101] Ranulf had previously claimed that he had the rights to Lincoln Castle, held by Stephen, and under the guise of a social visit, Ranulf seized the fortification in a surprise attack. Stephen, also called Stephen Of Blois, (born c. 1097died Oct. 25, 1154, Dover, Kent, Eng. [74], Troubles continued across Stephen's kingdom. Historian R. H. C. Davis's influential biography paints a picture of a weak king: a capable military leader in the field, full of activity and pleasant, but "beneath the surface mistrustful and sly", with poor strategic judgement that ultimately undermined his reign. [180] The royal forest law had collapsed in large parts of the country. Biblical: Stephen was the first Christian martyr. Prince Harry continued his publicity blitz on Tuesday, January 10th, with a good-natured pre-taped appearance on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert! [187] Geoffrey and Matilda's son, the future King Henry II of England, mounted a small mercenary invasion of England in 1147 but the expedition failed, not least because Henry lacked the funds to pay his men. [248] Peters paints Stephen as a tolerant man and a reasonable ruler, despite his execution of the Shrewsbury defenders after the taking of the city in 1138. [238], Historians in the "Whiggish" tradition that emerged during the Victorian era traced a progressive and universalist course of political and economic development in England over the medieval period. (1974) "King Stephen and the Anglo-Norman Aristocracy". [214] Eustace's death removed an obvious claimant to the throne and was politically convenient for those seeking a permanent peace in England. WebAbout Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features [185] Surprisingly, Stephen himself ended up paying their costs, allowing Henry to return home safely; his reasons for doing so are unclear. WebStephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. [107] With their new lands, the power of the Beamounts grew to the point where David Crouch suggests that it became "dangerous to be anything other than a friend of Waleran" at Stephen's court. Stephen did not participate in the Second Crusade himself due to internal conflicts in his kingdom. [241][nb 24] The late-Victorian scholar Frederic William Maitland also introduced the possibility that Stephen's reign marked a turning point in English legal historythe so-called "tenurial crisis". [113] Stephen sent Aubrey de Vere II as his spokesman to the council, who argued that Roger of Salisbury had been arrested not as a bishop, but rather in his role as a baron who had been preparing to change his support to the Empress Matilda. [20], Finally, the King arranged for Stephen to marry Matilda in 1125, the daughter and only heiress of Eustace III, Count of Boulogne, who owned both the important continental port of Boulogne and vast estates in the north-west and south-east of England. (2001) "Kingship, usurpation and propaganda in twelfth century Europe: the case of Stephen", This page was last edited on 7 January 2023, at 01:15. [80] As part of this deal, Louis recognised Stephen's son Eustace as Duke of Normandy in exchange for Eustace giving fealty to the French King. [94][nb 12], Anglo-Norman warfare during the reign of Stephen was characterised by attritional military campaigns, in which commanders tried to seize key enemy castles in order to allow them to take control of their adversaries' territory and ultimately win a slow, strategic victory. [11], Stephen's early life was heavily influenced by his relationship with his uncle Henry I. Henry seized power in England following the death of his elder brother William Rufus. [119] He also faced a military dilemma at Arundelthe castle was considered almost impregnable, and he may have been worried that he was tying down his army in the south whilst Robert roamed freely in the west. Eventually, a truce was declared, and William Clito died the following year. The events in Normandy are less well recorded than elsewhere, and the exact sequence of events less certain. [194] He wanted to confirm his eldest son, Eustace, as his successor, although chroniclers recorded that Eustace was infamous for levying heavy taxes and extorting money from those on his lands. [10] Unusually, Stephen was raised in his mother's household rather than being sent to a close relative; he was taught Latin and riding, and was educated in recent history and Biblical stories by his tutor, William the Norman. One potential explanation is his general courtesy to a member of his extended family; another is that he was starting to consider how to end the war peacefully, and saw this as a way of building a relationship with Henry. It is of Greek origin, and the meaning of Stephen is "garland, crown". [3] Stephen's mother, Adela, was the daughter of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders, famous amongst her contemporaries for her piety, wealth and political talent. [24] Despite the King taking a second wife, Adeliza of Louvain, it became increasingly unlikely that he would have another legitimate son, and he instead looked to Matilda as his intended heir. [127] Stephen was forced to give up his western campaign, returning east to stabilise the situation and protect his capital. (1988) "The Arrest of the Bishops in 1139 and its Consequences,". WebStephen Hawking. [90], Stephen was attacked on several fronts during 1138. The King's power was linked to his control of the rich province of le-de-France, just to the east of Stephen's home county of Blois. King (2010), p. 9; Crouch (2002), p. 241. 280283; Bradbury pp. Stephen, also spelled Steven, is a strong and likable classic, with the he's-a-great-guy short form Steve. [42] The combined revenues of the two positions made Henry of Winchester the second-richest man in England after the King. 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