For I saw Mehri/Jibbali/Soqotri words that you quoted and random stuff like: saydoman.com: This new era of Almaradam has made it necessary for us to change our brand into a more global looking brand where Almaradam has evolved into Sayd Oman. The absolute frame of reference penetrating English grammar. Sentence first of, relating to, or denoting a family of languages spoken in southern India and Sri Lanka, or the peoples who speak them. This could leave a relatively random loss-or-retention pattern across daughters, even when there is no major morphology-driven replacement going on. Turns out it is, just not the way youd think. Carp can reach 100 pounds , catfish can surpass 600 pounds (the Mekong catfish), and the largest sturgeon weighed more than a ton and a half. Anyway: textbooks claim that Mande is N-K, Wikipedia does, this paper does NOT say it. Go give your heart, and if it break also tug which makes my Old Norse loan senses tingle. Ethiopian Semitic languages exhibit a number of areal traits diffused from neighboring Cushitic languages. As mentioned, several of the traits in the Mesoamerican linguistic area do have the same boundary, though many other traits do not, and typically in other linguistic areas the various areal traits do not share the same geographical boundaries, offering no clearly identifiable outer border of the linguistic areas in question. This pattern contrasts sharply with the one reported for the more typically studied English-speaking agrammatic aphasics, whose frequent omission of inflections results in the production of lexically well-formed bare stems (e.g., flower instead of flowers, or walk instead of walked). But as I said, the coincidence is very suspicious. Minority Languages of Russia Well, no, he is calculating (I did not check the arithmetic) the odds of a genetic relationship, just the odds of words for brother and sister to be so close (which is not the same). Um by way of analogy would I be correct in saying that the Nilo-Saharan situation that you describe is basically as if the old consensus postulated a Danubo-Baltic family that included German, Slovak, Hungarian, Romanian, Polish, Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian (among perhaps others), and it was disputed whether Hungarian and Estonian really belonged in this family, and you suggested that maybe Hungarian and Estonian are in fact related to each other, and someone else interpreted it as saying that Hungaro-Estonian must be a subgroup of Danubo-Baltic? (As it happens, some Oti-Volta languages are currently doing the opposite, developing class prefixes from articles as the original suffixes are eroded by phonological changes, so such things are not impossible in principle. Do we actually have enough evidence to say that the Natufians went from the Levant into Egypt, rather than from Egypt into the Levant? In the south of the Arabian peninsula a distinct consonantal script had appeared by at least the sixth century BC, and certainly had begun to develop several hundred years earlier. One classifier (t'u or dtua) is used for larger animals, furniture like tables and chairs, suits of men's clothing so far, things with arms and legs but also germs and fish! Precisely the opposite. And even think that anyone who sees a problem here is a crank. A ready-made table is just what people who come from another field are most likely to think they understand well enough to use. So, while fish in their wild state were all different kinds of kud, the activities that transformed fish into culturally significant products were a little more fine-grained in their taxonomy. Dr. Vince Bantu (PhD in Semitic and Egyptian Languages, CUA)is the Ohene (President) of the Meachum School of Haymanot and is Assistant Professor of Church History and Black Church Studies at Fuller Theological Seminary. And from what I understand there are three voseo verbal inflections, depending on dialect: habls, habls, hablei; I myself only heard the first one, in standard Argentine, and the third one, marginally, in Chilean. Boris Dralyuk A related root kad- means to incense, We have previously established on LH that *kad is the one that Nikolai Marr missed: sal, ber, yon, rosh, kad. In the specific case of Gldemann 2008, you have a bunch of weak similarities across a vast area which need to be accounted for by some combination of common ancestry, contact, and coincidence; proposing that they are to be explained by contact and not by common ancestry is a historical hypothesis with direct relevance to questions of genetic relationship, and in this case a clearly defensible one. Sarostins method would (I think) put Proto-Oti-Volta at about 4000 YBP, which seems a bit early given how much of the protolanguage is still fairly easily reconstructable (its nothing like Indo-European levels of difficulty) but is by no means impossible. Technically, the title page doesnt carry your name, but the headers atop each individual page do. Quite the opposite. Harold Fleming (2006) proposes that Ongota constitutes a separate branch of Afroasiatic. That Im not certain of. dictionary I cited does not itself contain citations. Strong Language (a sweary blog about swearing), Language resources: (This, too, could add to the apathy Spanish consumers feel for sharks, Garca Salinas theorizes; in a market, these animals are not labeled with the Spanish word for shark, tiburn, but instead with titles like cazn, a word commonly used for several types of fish. Appparently he didnt publish his full evidence.. Scholars generally treat the Afroasiatic language family as including the following five branches, whereas Omotic is disputed: Although there is general agreement on these six families, linguists who study Afroasiatic raise some points of disagreement, in particular: In the 9th century, the Hebrew grammarian Judah ibn Quraysh of Tiaret in Algeria was the first to link two branches of Afroasiatic together; he perceived a relationship between Berber and Semitic. Constituent ordering is followed by grammatical marking of verb-argument relations, around the same time or somewhat before inflectional marking of grammatical agreement. Heres a short version. To have groupings at all implies some mechanism for wiping out diversity. One (by several rightly respected Africanists) got all of its Gur data from Gaston Canus grammar of Moor, listing several suffixes than Canu has created by splitting CVC roots as CV + C with no adequate justification whatsoever (and including one which is present in Oti-Volta, but notably absent in all of Western Oti-Volta, probably because it would interfere with the way that the subgroup does aspect flexion.). No explanations for the process. that didnt look like any kind of Egyptian name for me, so I looked it up. What he class hyper-rigorous is actually just what Indo-Europeanists, Uralicists, Algonquianists etc call rigorous: standard practice for real comparativists. 2009: Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement. Theil 2006). Das Deutsche Wrterbuch von Jacob und Wilhelm Grimm For example, he (elsewhere) takes it for granted that its up to splitters to prove than Mande is not part of Niger-Congo, on the sole grounds (as far as I can see) that this relationship has been accepted by many people for a long time, without addressing how weak the evidence was from the beginning. But the concept of fish as food is expressed by saengseon, originally (that which is) fresh (, cf. This should of course not be true, but it is. But of course even he did not think they corresponded exactly. That said, if it really was formed on the pattern of the other pig words, I would expect pig as second compound element, not as first. Despite this, Greenbergs classification remains a starting point for modern work of many languages spoken in Africa, and the Hamitic category (and its extension to Nilo-Hamitic) has no part in this. Maybe ommiting it doesnt affect the other branches? After the editing window closed, it did occur to me that, just as nouns are more borrowable than verbs, it might well be the case that if vocabulary remains from a substratum, verbs might be more liable to survive than nouns. bab.la Sheep can be reconstructed for Proto-Oti-Volta without much trouble, and the etymon seems to be shared with Grusi (making it Gur, at least), but it doesnt seem to go any further back. In the same way, in groceries rabbits are poultry and tomatoes are not fruit but vegetables. The closest one, though a dead language, is Canaanite, of which Hebrew is one of its derivatives. The others are Phoenician, Ugaritic, and Punic (C All of those sound reasonable, or close to reasonable, at first glance, except Akkadian (for which I suspect that their sources probably reflect a far earlier state) and to a lesser extent Hebrew (for which I suspect that their sources probably reflect a somewhat later state). The -pende of Moor ygempende hedgehog could, in hindsight, actually be a by-form of peemde arrow, though then the plural ygempla must have been remodelled by analogy with belly. Linguists typically argue in favor of abstract representations for language, but many recent approaches to language within the cognitive science framework have stressed the importance of surface forms. I do like his section on the limits of the comparative method, though I dont think he goes far enough with his caution (as you will have gathered.). And more. Some half a year ago I considered writing the in teh Hamitic thread (explainin my view and asking you what you mean) but I was lazy to do it:). in general, im a bit skeptical of explanations of fishy things that seem to only be thinking about saltwater fish. * Of course, they might be related. , Languages with just a masculine/feminine grammatical gender system can alter the gender of an item to indicate things like size. While Im at it, this conference handout from 2016 (in English) compares PIE accent & ablaut categories to PU second-syllable vowels, which looks pretty neat and becomes even more convincing if you side with those that reconstruct the less open one of the only two PU second-syllable vowels as [] instead of the traditional [i] or the classical []. BTW, its been a long time (20 years?) The idea that greater weight should be attributed to some traits than to others for defining a linguistic area can be illustrated with the borrowed word order patterns in the Ethiopian linguistic area. However, in a situation where the traits do coincide at a clear boundary, rare though this may be, the definition of a linguistic area to match their boundaries is relatively secure. Roger, on the other hand, seems to think Nilo-Saharan is not only real but obviously real, in which case the observed similarities would be evidence for subgrouping. Ah, yes, spine and to a lesser extent spike are better translations in this case. ninth century) and Aramaic (ca. (Hausa has borrowed two; Thai has borrowed one through ten.). Its striking how few African names show up in the footnotes of African linguistics papers, even in works published in 2016. Would make a nice PhD thesis. Basal lineages in many cases really havent changed all that much in eons. (Unless they build that transatlantic train connection they promised in 50s science fiction, Id want to try that). As problems with simple tree models multiplied, historical linguists were increasingly burdened with ever more complex graphic representations of their ideas. shifted to the more common inflection type -os : -okse-. I just typed this postscriptum in a hurry. At Urkesh (Tell Mozan), the Hurrian capital, stunning monumental remains, including a vast monumental temple plaza and terrace are coming to light. Conceivably, its related to sn /s/ sew, though the actual word for needle is furipiim clothes-arrow., (There are a handful of agent-noun-like deverbal nouns made with -m, like zm refugee, fugitive from z run, though the regular formant for agent nouns is the suffix -d.). The Kehf el Boroud genomes are actually modeled as 50% Early European Farmer and 50% local ancestry in continuity with Taforalt, per wiki. This situation is not unusual, even among long-established language families: scholars also frequently disagree on the internal classification of the Indo-European languages, for instance. Put another way, its only bringing us back 6-900 years from Old Nubian, not 2,000, and only doing that in part based on logic derived from Old Nubian itself. defined basal as farthest from the thing Im looking at. And I get the degree to which thats true. Durch die Jonas-Legende bedingt ist es im MSA speziell der Walfisch und mit dieser Sonderbedeutung im arabischen Osten blich. But my idea was that classes are many and there must be some consequences (for usage) of this simple fact. So f erodes away. In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that what had previously been known as Western Cushitic is an independent branch of Afroasiatic, suggesting for it the new name Omotic. Dictionary of the Scots Language Bangime and Dogon are equally close to Basque. Thus, in acquiring the sound system, babies proceed from universal crying to uttering a range of speech sounds, followed by babbling, which is increasingly restricted to elements of the native language to a point where eventually the system will be so constrained as to impose a nonnative pronunciation in other languages. The Ugaritic writing system, however, departs markedly from the other Canaanite scripts in that its symbols are of cuneiform shape. Too high in the classification hierarchy, I mean. This in turn makes significant covert assumptions about the nature of the procedure, namely that; Several of them appear to make no sense. African Language Review 6:17-25. You can always map that onto a tree later. https://academic.oup.com/hmg/article/30/R1/R17/6025449. Well, Irish has contrived to turn into (very guttural languages the pair of them, the Gaelic and the German.). In Arabic Hamito-Semitic remains somewhat more widely understood, but theres no original research on the subject to speak of in Arabic. Again, Dagbani and Mampruli are so close on a Swadesh-100 metric that they might as well be the same language; but so is Kusaal, which is not mutually comprehensible with either and is quite different (and much more conservative, overall) phonologically and to some extent morphologically and syntactically. Speculative Grammarian Cant remember where I got my copy . Amusingly also Finnish, where this was loaned as *uros male and which, due to a general rarity of stems inflecting as -os : -oho- (poetic gen.sg. This comparison showed little preference for a model with Arabic within Central Semitic over one with Arabic within South Semitic (log BF 0.438). But each article is heavily footnoted, so you can test their assertions easily. Im not really competent to address the idea that a language groups origin should be in the place where it has the greatest diversity of languages and groups. Which it did, replacing preliminary typological classifications by Meinhofs contemporaries. While I suppose one should not dismiss this out of hand (Ive no access to it) this would appear to be exactly the sort of thing that geneticists are rather too prone to take as established science. When I was a lad only a few butchers carried game, and it was always hung on hooks outside under the awning because it had to ripen without stinking up the place. Not by much. Still, it shows at the very least that hunter-gatherers are well able to spread single language families over a large area. You could just bang ahead with a mindless one-size-fits-all algorithm and hope that all the errors will cancel each other out, of course but realistically, lexicostatistics cant really tell you anything if you dont nearly know the answer already. Pescado in every sense of pez was unknown to me. Figure 8. It is an area which I wish to see studied more: creative contribution of speakers in the langauge. How did that even get into their collection? From another thread: Actually there was a study from two sites in Morocco (5000 and 3000 BC) and one site in Iberia (5000) that found European admixture in the younger Moroccan site. (Id actually never looked up Jordanes original, and did not realise that he expressed the concept in two ways, one of which is unaccountably cited less often. Skinner (1975:477) suggests Mitic, based on the part common to the terms Hamitic and Semitic; he also suggests Noahitic, following Biblical precedent. This is even more important for creatures that live in the water, where heat loss is much faster than in air. Blench (1999d). Worse yet, a lot of what had been done had been done in apparent complete ignorance of really basic principles. But in biology, too, phylogenetics has to contend with convergence (most of it not attributable to factors that are already understood in that much detail) and the occasional horizontal gene transfer. was in the Central Nile region in 18,000 BCE. I heard that in some East Asian countries cats are present but the common attitude is an animal that can scratch you or something, be careful. (And then I read this last paragraph and scoff at the preposterousness that I have any knowledge base for saying it. Infixes are inserted within a root. 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