II, c. A hollow Jacobite victory at Falkirk failed to change the strategic situation: with supplies and pay running short and with the government troops resupplied and reorganised under the Duke of Cumberland, son of British monarch GeorgeII, the Jacobite leadership had few options left other than to stand and fight. Culloden, near Inverness, saw the defeat of the Jacobites in 1746 and about 1,500 fighters were. [41], When the leading troop had reached Culraick, still 2 miles (3.2km) from where Murray's wing was to cross the River Nairn and encircle the town, there was only one hour left before dawn. The course of British, European and world history was changed at Culloden on 16 April 1746. [65], With visible proof that the French had not deserted them, a group of Jacobite leaders attempted to prolong the campaign. Eyewitness accounts of those bloody atrocities were collated by Robert . Culloden Memorial Stone In memory of the Scottish prisoners from the battle of Culloden in April 1746 who died either on the Thames prison ships or . Your email address will not be published. Major-General Humphrey Bland led the pursuit of the fleeing Highlanders, giving "Quarter to None but about Fifty French Officers and Soldiers".[60]. The clan system was in decline long before the death-blow of Culloden. To Mr Webster [Minister] In Edinr. Innkeeper at Bridgend of Lithgow. In early July, 1773, 27 years after Culloden, an extended family of MacDonalds - their name is spelled McDonald in later records - boarded a small, aging sloop called the Hector, at Ullapool, Loch Broom, on the western shore of Scotland. It was here that the Jacobite army took their last stand to reclaim the thrones of Britain from the Hanoverians for a Stuart king. Although the Jacobite rising of 1689 was no longer a . Many of the ancient battlefields of Scotland are rumoured to be plagued by the souls of those who died there. English. Hungry and tired, many men wandered away from their units to sleep or seek food. The two armies eventually met at Culloden, on terrain that gave Cumberland's larger, well-rested force the advantage. The National Trust for Scotland is on the hunt for two such youngsters, who will help officially open the new Culloden visitor centre on April 16 2008. Entering and returning from England were considerable military achievements, and morale was high. By Kirsty McIntyre. [10] For Charles, the main prize was England;. Around 1,250 Jacobites were dead, a similar number were wounded, and 558 prisoners were taken. Privateman. One stand of their colours was taken; Collonel Riches hand cutt off in their defence We marched up to the enemy, and our left, outflanking them, wheeled in upon them; the whole then gave them 5 or 6 fires with vast execution, while their front had nothing left to oppose us, but their pistolls and broadswords; and fire from their center and rear, (as, by this time, they were 20 or 30 deep) was vastly more fatal to themselves, than us. Many senior Jacobites made their way to Loch nan Uamh, where Charles Edward Stuart had first landed at the outset of the campaign in 1745. Similar orders must have been received by the Highland units at Fort Augustus, and by 18 April, the majority of the Jacobite army had been disbanded. A ferocious war had come to Scotland, dividing families and setting clan against clan. The battle of Culloden lasted for under an hour. Many were held on hulks on the Thames or in Tilbury Fort, and executions took place in Carlisle, York and Kennington Common. Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, punitive expeditions into the Highlands that continued throughout the summer, Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, William Sutherland, 17th Earl of Sutherland, William Anne van Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, Royal Society of Painters in Water-Colours, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An act to prevent the return of such rebels and traitors concerned in the late rebellion, as have been, or shall be pardoned on condition of transportation; and also to hinder their going into the enemies country. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. However, the recent discovery of a 1752 silver Thaler, from the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, may lead archaeologists to these graves. Of all the Jacobites who survived Culloden, perhaps the most famous is Simon Fraser of Lovat. Marching east they formed for battle on Drumossie Moor (now Culloden Moor). He may have died in the transports. Cumberland later wrote: "They came running on in their wild manner, and upon the right where I had placed myself, imagining the greatest push would be there, they came down there several times within a hundred yards of our men, firing their pistols and brandishing their swords, but the Royal Scots and Pulteneys hardly took their fire-locks from their shoulders, so that after those faint attempts they made off; and the little squadrons on our right were sent to pursue them".[57][58]. During the six hours in which the battle continued, the Jacobites recovered cargo that had been landed by the French ships, including 35,000 of gold. [84] Possibly the most recognisable feature of the battlefield today is the 20-foot (6m)-tall memorial cairn, erected by Duncan Forbes in 1881. Believing there was support for a Stuart restoration in both Scotland and England, he landed in Scotland in July 1745: raising an army of Scots Jacobite supporters, he took Edinburgh by September, and defeated a British government force at Prestonpans. Reid lists this as "Bligh's", Reid (1996), p. 195; and "Bligh's (20th)", Reid (1996), p. 197. [33] On 12 April, Cumberland's force forded the Spey, which had been guarded by a 2,000-strong Jacobite detachment under Lord John Drummond, but Drummond retreated towards Elgin and Nairn, rather than offer resistance, for which he was sharply criticised after the rising by several Jacobite memoirists. The clan system was in decline long before the death-blow of Culloden. [39], Jacobite Lieutenant-General Lord George Murray stated that he "did not like the ground" at Drummossie Moor, which was relatively flat and open, and suggested an alternative steeply-sloping site near Daviot Castle. The University of Glasgow awarded the Duke of Cumberland an honorary doctorate, but many modern commentators allege that the aftermath of the battle and subsequent crackdown on Jacobite sympathisers were brutal, earning Cumberland the sobriquet "Butcher". On 8 May, nearby at Murlaggan, Lochiel, Lochgarry, Clanranald and Barisdale all agreed to rendezvous at Invermallie on 18 May, as did Lord Lovat and his son. How Did Earl Nightingale Die, Subscribe now for regular news, updates and priority booking for events.Sign up, All content is available under the Open Government Licence "We're encouraging young people of school age to start discovering who their ancestors were all those centuries ago and who knows, maybe they are related to people who actually fought at the battle of Culloden in 1746, said the Trust's Culloden project co-ordinator Alexander Bennett. Not long after the exhausted Jacobite forces had made it back to Culloden, an officer of Lochiel's regiment, who had been left behind after falling asleep in a wood, arrived with a report of advancing government troops. It is hard as some US soldiers were captured and either were killed or was released and none has heard of them. Following up on the military success won by their forces, the British government enacted laws to further integrate Scotland, specifically the Scottish Highlands, with the rest of Britain. Yamaha Gp1800 For Sale Uk, The approach to the new visitor centre at Culloden. The Jacobite Rebellions 16891745. [50], At approximately 1 pm, Finlayson's Jacobite batteries opened fire; possibly in response to Cumberland sending forward Lord Bury to within 100 m of the Jacobite lines to "ascertain the strength of their battery". Sullivan went to inform Charles Edward Stuart of the change of plan but missed him in the dark. Casualties. Campbell of Airds, in the rear, timed it at 9 minutes, but Cumberland's aide-de-camp Yorke suggested only 2 or 3 minutes. No Comments . The government dragoons let it withdraw, rather than risk a confrontation.[61]. Huske's counter formed a five battalion strong horseshoe-shaped formation which trapped the Jacobite right wing on three sides.[54]. Ghosts of Culloden Moor Over 5400 Jacobites took part in the Culloden Moor battle and many died that day at the hands of the Hanoverian troops who were merciless and brutal. Not far from where the hand-to-hand fighting took place, fragments of mortar shells have been found. The morning after the Battle of Culloden, Cumberland issued a written order reminding his men that "the public orders of the rebels yesterday was to give us no quarter". By 14 April, the Jacobites had evacuated Nairn, and Cumberland's army camped at Balblair just west of the town. 1. Most people will tell you The Battle of Culloden was fought by the Scottish clans on the side of . The Battle of Culloden (/ k l d n /; Scottish Gaelic: Blr Chil Lodair) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745.On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force under Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, on Drummossie Moor near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. Immediately, the half battalion of Highland militia, commanded by Captain Colin Campbell of Ballimore, which had stood inside the enclosure ambushed them. Battle of Culloden. That action cost half of the 100 casualties that they suffered in the battle. Simon Fraser tried to back both sides again during the 1745 Jacobite uprising, he sent his son to help the Jacobite cause, while he claimed to support George II. Jacobite casualties are estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 killed or wounded, with many of them occurring in the pursuit after the battle. Born in 1726 the son of one of Scotland's most infamous Jacobite nobles, he led his clansmen at Culloden in support of Charles Stuart. [47], As Cumberland's forces formed into line of battle, it became clear that their right flank was in an exposed position, and Cumberland moved up additional cavalry and other units to reinforce it. Studying the subject, it became clear that there were many misconception, on both sides, as to had happened during the Rebellion and in particular at the battle of Culloden. [29] The bulk of the infantry units had already seen action at Falkirk, but had been further drilled, rested and resupplied since then. [79] Prior to the Act, feudal lords (which included clan chiefs) had considerable judicial and military power over their followers such as the oft-quoted power of "pit and gallows". ", "Point of Contact: Archaeology at Culloden", "SUTHERLAND, William, Lord Strathnaver (1708-50)", "Augustin Heckel: The Battle of Culloden", "Handel Judas Maccabaeus Programme Notes", Hakka Muggies Feed The Fairies (2010, CD) | Discogs, Cumberland's dispatch from the battle, published in the London Gazette, Culloden Moor and the Story of the Battle (1867 account), Controversy over the redevelopment of the NTS visitor centre at Culloden, Ghosts of Culloden including the Great Scree and Highlander Ghost, "A plan of the battle of Coullodin moore fought on the 16th of Aprile 1746", "A plan of the Battle of Culloden and the adjacent country, shewing the incampment of the English army at Nairn and the march of the Highlanders in order to attack them by night", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Culloden&oldid=1132753043. Over in under an hour, nearly 1500 Jacobite soldiers were killed, and it remains the last battle fought . Love Me Till The Day I Die Lyrics, Four Seasons Mai Tai Recipe, How To Get Rid Of Texas Spiny Lizard, Activate Own On Firestick, Henry Sy Wife Married Chauffeur, Rio 2 Full Movie In Hindi, Ordered forward by Cumberland to rout the Jacobites, the cavalry was turned back by those in the Jacobite's second line, including the Irish and French troops, which stood its ground allowing the army to retreat from the field. More recent additions to the battlefield include the Irish Memorial (1963), which commemorates the Prince's French-Irish soldiers, and the French Memorial (1994), which pays homage to the Scots Royals. In that time, approximately 1250 Jacobites were dead, almost as many were wounded and 376 were taken prisoner (those who were professional soldiers or who were worth a ransom). Among those clans who fought with the Prince at Culloden were: Cameron, Chisholm, Drummond, Farquharson, Ferguson, Fraser, Gordon, Grant, Innes, MacDonald, MacDonell, MacGillvray, MacGregor, MacInnes, MacIntyre, Mackenzie, MacKinnon, MacKintosh, MacLachlan, MacLeod or Raasay, MacPherson, Menzies, Murray, Ogilvy, Robertson, and Stewart of Appin. Reshmi Pasupalan Instagram, The four graves shown on OS 25" at NH 7416 4485, NH 7417 4484, NH 7412 4479 and NH 7409 4474 respectively are all graves of the Campbells (Neil MacDonald, Warden NTS, Culloden). On 23 July 1745 James's son Charles Edward Stuart landed on Eriskay in the Western Isles in an attempt to reclaim the throne for his father and was accompanied only by the "Seven Men of Moidart". James Macpherson (1736-96), the nephew of Ewen MacPherson of Cluny, was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation.Claiming to have collected poetry by the demigod Ossian from the Fenian Cycle of Celtic mythology, Macpherson published translations from Scottish Gaelic that he proclaimed were an equivalent to the Classical epics of Homer and Virgil and which immediately . Cumberland lost only 52 men with around 260 wounded. Battlefield Britain: Explore Boudicca's Rebellion, Methven to Bannockburn: Robert the Bruce in battle, Battlefield Britain: The Battle of Hastings, Battlefield Britain: Civil War, the Battle of Naseby, Battlefield Britain: Culloden, the Jacobites' last stand, Battlefield Britain: Owain Glyn Dwr's battle for Wales, Places to visit: Firing Line: The Cardiff Castle Museum of the Welsh Soldier, Places to visit: The Inniskillings Museum, Battle of Waterloo Bicentenary Exhibition, Places to visit: HMS Victory at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. The dates in this page are given in the Old Style. [77] The high-ranking "rebel lords" were executed on Tower Hill in London. Inverness CapturedatCullodenon16April1746. Privateman. names of those who died at culloden Hungry and tired, many men wandered away from their units to sleep or seek food. When Cumberland left Aberdeen on 8 April, Charles and his officers agreed giving battle was their best option.[18]. Copyright Dr Paul Enenche 2018-2020. Reid gives "500" in Reid (2002), p. 26.; he states that Inverallochie's battalion that took part in the battle numbered "about 300". The Jacobite strength increased to over 8,000 with the addition of a substantial north-eastern contingent under Lord Lewis Gordon, as well as Scottish and Irish regulars in French service. In the darkness, while Murray led one third of the Jacobite forces back to camp, the other two thirds continued towards their original objective, unaware of the change in plan. May 29, 2022 by . This is not quite right. Many of the infantry were experienced veterans of Continental service, but on the outbreak of the Jacobite rising, extra incentives were given to recruits to fill the ranks of depleted units. With the Jacobites who were left under Perth failing to advance further, Cumberland ordered two troops of Cobham's 10th Dragoons to ride them down. An estimated 30 members and associates of Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by Scottish government forces, allegedly for failing to pledge allegiance to the new monarchs, William III and Mary II.. [27] As the campaign progressed, supplies from France improved their equipment considerably and by the time of Culloden, many were equipped with 0.69in (17.5mm) calibre French and Spanish firelocks. On the day of the planned rendezvous, Clanranald never appeared and Lochgarry and Barisdale showed up with only about 300 combined, most of whom immediately dispersed in search of food. They were commanded by MacGregor of Inverenzie. The Jacobite Army entered England on 8 November[12] and captured Carlisle on 15 November, continued south through Preston and Manchester and reached Derby on 4 December. Prince Charlie and the British army with the Duke of Cumberland on the other side, Scot's against the . Barrell's lost 17 killed and suffered 108 wounded, out of a total of 373 officers and men. Another 382 obtained their freedom by being exchanged for prisoners of war being held by France. By 10 am, the Jacobites finally saw them approaching at a distance of around 4 km. [66] However the roughly 1,500 men who assembled at Ruthven Barracks received orders from Charles to the effect that the army should disperse until he returned with French support.[67]. There, on 30 April, they were met by two French frigates: the Mars and Bellone. Playing Tennis Against The Drapes Meaning, [9], The Prince's Council, a committee formed of 15 to 20 senior leaders, met on 30 and 31 October to discuss plans to invade England. Following the battle, Jacobite supporters were executed and imprisoned and homes in the. [91] The National Trust of Scotland is currently trying to restore Culloden Moor, as closely as possible, to the state it was in during the Battle of Culloden Moor. Huske ordered forward all of Lord Sempill's Fourth Brigade, which had a combined total of 1,078 men (Sempill's 25th Foot, Conway's 59th Foot, and Wolfe's 8th Foot). Names of American soldiers killed at the Battle of the Bulge? The result was that the wearing of tartan was banned except as a uniform for officers and soldiers in the British Army and later landed men and their sons. Can You Use Wallpaper Engine On Phone, Nothing more is known of him. A FRESH PERSPECTIVE In ' Culloden ' (OUP 18.99) Murray Pittock, Bradley Professor at the University of Glasgow has produced a radical fresh perspective on the last land battle to have taken place in Britain. The Royal cossais exchanged musket fire with Campbell's 21st and commenced an orderly retreat, moving along the Culwhiniac enclosure to shield themselves from artillery fire. [80], Today, a visitor centre is located near the site of the battle. Anyone of school age who would like to take part in the competition should send their family tree by email to the NTS at cullodenlegacy@nts.org.uk or by post to "Search for Culloden's legacy " competition, c/o Platform Public Relations Ltd, The Old Station, Station Road, Beauly, Inverness-shire, IV4 7EG before Wednesday 19 March 2008 when their entry will be considered by the panel. The Battle of Culloden and the consequent imprisonment and execution of the Jacobite prisoners of war is depicted in the song "Tam kde tee eka Fleet" ("Where the Fleet river flows") by the, The Battle of Culloden is an important episode in, Paoletti, Ciro. Commander-in-Chief North Britain: Lieutenant-General Henry Hawley, See the following reference for source of tables[109], See following reference for source of table[113], Charles' dynastic and military opponent, the, Soldiers of the 8th, 20th, 34th, 36th and 48th Regiments, circa 1742. Born in 1726 the son of one of Scotland's most infamous Jacobite nobles, he led his clansmen at Culloden in support of Charles Stuart. The other weapon used was the Coehorn mortar. The Jacobites started the campaign relatively poorly armed. William Shaw (c1720-after 1777) was a Scot captured at the Battle of Culloden and deported to Virginia following the collapse of the Jacobite Rising of 1745 in favor of the Stuart dynasty. Grant of Glenmoriston's Battalion was a very small unit of ~ 80100 men, from Glenmoriston and Glen Urquhart. The Duke of Cumberland arrived on the field with between 7,000-8,000 men as well as ten 3-pdr guns and six coehorn mortars. This weapon had a range of 500 yards (460m) and fired two kinds of shot: round iron and canister. Iona Fyfe, who was named Scots singer of the year in 2018, said she was propositioned by a man from a "really well-known band" when she was 20. Anyone of school age who would like to take part in the competition should send their family tree by email to the NTS at cullodenlegacy@nts.org.uk or by post to "Search for Culloden's legacy " competition, c/o Platform Public Relations Ltd, The Old Station, Station Road, Beauly, Inverness-shire, IV4 7EG before Wednesday 19 March 2008 when their entry will be considered by the panel. More on the venues and organisations we've mentioned: Some are marked by an inscribed stone only, others (Campbells) have neither stone nor mounds. For example, the Duke of Argyll was given 21,000. After his flight from the battle, Charles Edward Stuart made his way towards the Hebrides, accompanied by a small group of supporters. [78] The Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746 ended the hereditary right of landowners to govern justice upon their estates through barony courts. At that point, continuing Jacobite resistance remained potentially viable in terms of manpower. As the long, late afternoon shadows of April 14, 1746 crept away toward the shores of Ireland and points west the Cameron men arrived in Inverness. That "changement", as Sullivan called it, had the unintended result of skewing the Jacobite line and opening gaps and so Sullivan ordered Perth's, Glenbucket's and the Edinburgh Regiment from the second line to the first. It was indeed commonly accepted that a fully armed highlander Continue reading "10 Myths about the Battle of . How many Jacobites died in the Battle of Culloden? A geophysical survey, directly beneath the spot at which the coin was found, seems to indicate the existence of a large rectangular burial pit. Queen Anne, the last monarch of the House of Stuart, died in 1714, with no surviving children. Quartermaster. After spending a few days with his close associates, he sailed for the island of Benbecula in the Outer Hebrides. Behind them, the Low Country regiments were drawn up in column, in accordance with French practice. ANA AT GLANCE. In April 1746, Bonnie Prince Charlie's Jacobite army went into battle against the Duke of Cumberland and his redcoats at Culloden, near Inverness. Of the 3 British battalions of horse (dragoons), 2 were English and 1 was Scottish. From there, he travelled to Scalpay, off the east coast of Harris, and from there made his way to Stornoway. [76] In all, 936 men were thus transported, and 222 more were banished. It was first opened in December 2007, with the intention of preserving the battlefield in a condition similar to how it was on 16 April 1746. The unit was commanded by Maj Patrick Grant of Glenmoriston and Alexander Grant, younger of Shewglie. [25] Many Jacobite regiments, notably those from the northeast, were organised and drilled more conventionally, but as with the Highland regiments were inexperienced and hurriedly trained. The battle lasted only an hour, with the Jacobites suffering a bloody defeat; between 1,500 and 2,000 Jacobites were killed or wounded,[3][4] while about 300 government soldiers were killed or wounded. Was there a James Fraser at Culloden? [11], Despite their doubts, the Council agreed to the invasion on condition that the promised English and French support was forthcoming. [27], During the latter stage of the campaign, the Jacobites were reinforced by French regulars, mainly drawn from Picquets or detachments from regiments of the Irish Brigade along with a Franco-Irish cavalry unit, Fitzjames's Horse. On the Jacobite right, the Atholl Brigade, Lochiel's and the Appin Regiment left their start positions and charged towards Barrell's and Munro's regiments. Difference Between Black Eyed Susan And Brown Eyed Susan, Taking heavy casualties, the MacDonalds were forced to withdraw. names of those who died at culloden If a ghost happens to share the entire name of a fallen warrior, it is purely accidental. He argues that it was redcoat blades not bullets, government swords not muskets that won the day. Awe Meaning In Text, However, his army's early victories convinced him that the 'highland charge', with broadsword in hand, was irresistible. Britain as a military power 16881815 (1999), p. 32, Black,Jeremy, Culloden and the '45 (1990). Mr Bennett explained the project would also begin to dispel the myth that Culloden was a conflict between England and Scotland. Amanda Bearse Died, Count Backwards From 100 By 7 Tokyo Ghoul, The Bffs Gumball Full Episode Dailymotion, Engine Engine Number 9 Rap Song Remix, 7ft Olympic Bar In Stock, The project is being backed by Dr Nick Barratt of the successful BBC One television series Who Do You Think You Are? As the first of the fleeing Highlanders approached Inverness, they were met by the 2nd battalion of Lovat's regiment, led by the Master of Lovat. v3.0, except where otherwise stated, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/education/prisoners-after-culloden-sp-54-32-41c.mp3, Friends of The National In February 1746, the Prince stayed with Lady Anne at the MacKintosh's manor at Moy Hall. The Hidden Graves in Culloden Woods. On 6 September 1745, every recruit who joined the Guards before 24 September was given 6, and those who joined in the last days of the month were given 4. By 20 April, Charles had reached Arisaig on the west coast of Scotland. Unveiled on 16 th July 1998 by Michael Martin MP, Deputy Speaker, House of Commons. and called for a final charge into the government lines:[64] Shea, however, followed Sullivan's advice and led Charles from the field, accompanied by Perth and Glenbucket's regiments. According to the account of Andrew Henderson, Lord John Drummond walked across the front of the Jacobite lines to try and tempt the government infantry into firing early, but they maintained their discipline. It joined the Jacobite army on 27 August 1745 and served the rest of the campaign attached to MacDonald of Keppoch's Regiment. Barthorp, Michael (1982). [17] Several French shipments were received during the winter but the Royal Navy's blockade led to shortages of both money and food. [60] A few Highland regiments also withdrew in good order, notably Lovat's first battalion, which retired with colours flying. Journeyman Barbar in Glasgow. There had been no sign of a French landing or any significant number of English recruits, and the Jacobites risked being caught between two armies, each one twice their size: Cumberland's, advancing north from London and George Wade's moving south from Newcastle upon Tyne. There were over 9000 Hanoverian troops with only about 50 killed in the battle. The stand by the French regulars gave Charles and other senior officers time to escape. [note 3] Cumberland alluded to the belief that such orders had been found upon the bodies of fallen Jacobites. But every national struggle divides its nation, and the Jacobite Rising of 1745-46 . [69] The common Jacobite supporters fared better than the ranking individuals. [91] Though Forbes's headstones mark the graves of the Jacobites, the location of the graves of about 60 government soldiers is unknown. Emma Nettles Daughter Of John Nettles, We want to hear from them at the National Trust for Scotland if they find out there is a family link with the battle.. Those clansmen who did not answer their chief's call to arms could face a variety of penalties ranging from having their house burned to losing their land. The Royal cossais also contained British deserters; its commander attempted to raise a second battalion after the unit had arrived in Scotland. What clans fought in the battle of Culloden? Surrey's army lost 1,500 men killed. Two days later, the French ships were spotted and attacked by three smaller Royal Navy sloops: the Greyhound, Baltimore, and Terror. So Low C85 3 Service Manual, So if you think this might be you, with an ancestor who fought in the battle and maybe even with two ancestors who fought on either side of Culloden, do let us know.. David Morier in fact made two paintings depicting the battle; the second (pictured right) is a coloured woodcut painting that shows a plan of the battlefield. Lacoste Sunglasses War Dogs, The orders issued by Lord George Murray for the conduct of the aborted night attack in the early hours of 16 April suggest that it would have been every bit as merciless. 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